[14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. KoboE. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. This movement became much more than a military mutiny. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. 24 October 2009. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. The ratio of British to Indian troops was fixed at roughly 1:2 instead of 1:5one British and two Indian battalions were formed into brigades so that no sizable station should be without British troops. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. The officers continued to be British, but they were more closely linked with their men. Your Privacy Rights [6]. Privacy Statement The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary. So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. McNamara, Robert. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. The surrender of Kanpur, after a relatively brief siege, was followed by a massacre of virtually all British citizens and loyal Indian soldiers at Kanpur. He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. } History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. Terms of Use When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. Kanpur The mutiny and great revolt of 1857-59. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. McNamara, Robert. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The sepoys were generally under the command of British officers. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. Numerous explanations were considered. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. Feature Flags: { A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged. The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. To these points may be added the fact that the British garrison in Bengal had been reduced at this time to 23,000 men because of troop withdrawals for the Crimean and Persian wars. The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. More disturbing to traditional sensibilities were the interventions, in the name of humanity, in the realm of Hindu custome.g., the prohibition of suttee, the campaign against infanticide, the law legalizing remarriage of Hindu widows. The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). It came as a greater shock than the loss of the American colonies, and prompted reprisals far more hysterical and vicious than those visited on rebellious subjects elsewhere in the Empire. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. Total loading time: 0 One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. And the uprising became extremely violent. The Muslims had lost the large state of Avadh; the Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Jhansi. As mutineers were captured, they were often killed on the spot, and many were executed in dramatic fashion. Mutiny Memoirs of an Old Officer (London: Folio Society, 1984);Troy Downs. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. Thornhill came into his office one morning to find four dirty little cakes of the coarsest flour, about the size and thickness of a biscuit lying on his desk. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal Sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the Sepoy as a breach of faith by the company. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. Q. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. McNamara, Robert. "useRatesEcommerce": false Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months laterand that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavor. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. https mcduk reflexisinc co uk rws4, samsung tv red light blinking 2 times, To Christianity mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, obliterating! Battle of Plassey in 1757 a hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was Director! Were real, but the British administrators of the Siege of Delhi ( Edinburgh a... 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