0000060947 00000 n 0000044297 00000 n There are those who regard him as the leader of the Great American Farm Revolution, those who regard him as Gerald Ford's greatest political asset, and there are political experts who can't decide whether Jimmy Carter is being smart or being dumb when he says he would dump Butz if he were elected President. 0000056005 00000 n And Brunthaver has since returned to Cook. 0000009209 00000 n 0000063920 00000 n The Agriculture Department's cozy relationship with the halfdozen big grain exporters is in some ways the most troubling aspect of Butz's reign. 0000070684 00000 n 0000041388 00000 n In 1973, Nixon's agricultural secretary, Earl Butz, oversaw a change in the philosophy of the U.S. farm program. 0000063406 00000 n I tried to interview him last fall for Grists Sow What? Export sales, currently running at about $22 billion a year, have almost doubled. 76-709. 0000008397 00000 n He also came up with a weakly worded proposal to Congress to strengthen criminal penalties and minimize conflict of interest in inspection agencies, some of which had been owned by the same grain firms whose products they inspected. 0000007858 00000 n Feb. 3, 2008 12 AM PT. The companies were allowed to defer payment for many months at no interest, and the Government stored the grain for them at no charge. 0000045725 00000 n He said, I make no apology for my desire to raise farm prices.. I recognize that family-oriented news organizations like the AP and the Times do not publish words they know to be coarse and deeply insulting to particular ethnic groups, nationalities, and religions. 0000058679 00000 n (In a priceless scene in the excellent recent documentary King Corn, the narrators visit the aged Butz at his Purdue perch. He had argued the issue before the White House Food Policy Group, then chaired by Kissinger, and thought he had converted everyone. Earl Butz Ford was warm and friendly. 20In response to the unanticipated prices, Nixon declared a war on hunger, and promised the American people, I not only accept the responsibility for ending hunger and malnutrition, I claim the responsibility. 21. 0000066397 00000 n Later farm bills saw adjustments, but the Great Depression and brief scare in the 1930s asserted that the livelihood of farmers, and the American people, was too closely tied to supply controls to lift them. But the decline of family farms and rural communities are not inevitabilities, and Earl Butz's vision for American agriculture does not have to be our fate. Out of the unsettling agricultural and economic events of 1972, the beginnings of a robust agricultural monitoring program were born. At the time, Butz served as a board member for several agribiz firms, including Ralston Purina, then a sprawling food conglomerate. But, if you hit the button that adjusts prices for inflation, there is was a huge spike in corn prices after the Russian grain purchase. He first came out for abolishing private inspection agencies and turning over all inspection to a new Federalstate system. 1999-2023 Grist Magazine, Inc. All rights reserved. Butz and the department hierarchy appear equally unconcerned over the plight of Southern poultry farmers, who have in effect become employees of the large feed processing companies. analyzed the issue of executive immunity in terms of general policy considerations, and stated its conclusion, quoted supra, in the same universal terms. <]>> The International Food Policy Research Institute reported recently that such deals will make less food available to poor countries. 0000011491 00000 n The maritime unions seized the opportunity to press for more favorable shipping rates by refusing to load grain vessels bound for Russia. [12], News outlets revealed a racist remark he made in front of entertainers Pat Boone and Sonny Bono and former White House counsel John Dean while aboard a commercial flight to California following the 1976 Republican National Convention. I went to Syria. At the 1974 World Food Conference in Rome, Butz made fun of Pope Paul VI's opposition to "population control" by quipping, in a mock Italian accent: "He no playa the game, he no maka the rules. 28 0 obj<>stream 0000042749 00000 n Which of the following characterize carrying capacity. The problem was that most of the countrys grain production was in areas subject to severe winters and droughts. [citation needed]. He was a bigot and, even then, at 66, not a young man. Instagram, Follow us on fanners were told: Reelect Nixon or Lose Your Butz. But it remains to he seen hew much help he can he. 10Despite a surplus of agricultural commodities, farmers increased production to compensate for low prices, worsening the imbalance of supply and demand and further devaluing their crops. If the price of that change was a slightly elevated reluctance within the mainstream press to explain fully what brought it about, maybe that isnt so terrible. 0000028915 00000 n 0000071753 00000 n 24 Since subsidized crops are less expensive, and therefore more sought after, farmers who grew subsidized crops saw the most success, while those who did not fell behind. 0000009335 00000 n Government subsidies would have to be reinstituted, and consumers ultimately would suffer in terms of food shortages, higher food prices and a bigger tax burden., Foreman calls Butz a fraud when he says he's acting in the interest of farmers. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/13/archives/why-they-love-earl-butz-prosperous-farmers-see-him-as-the-greatest.html. His policies encouraged farmers to plant as much corn and other commodities as they could, o View the full answer Transcribed image text: Briefly explain the relationship of Earl Butz's food policy from 1973 to the meat that we eat today. how much corn is grown with this fertilizer? 0000045878 00000 n This led to the domination of the bigger farms over the smaller farms . 0000057015 00000 n His only real friends are the big farmers, and, if this summer's expected bumper crop on the Great Plains affects their income as some anticipate, he may soon lose them, too. 0000054304 00000 n In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed him the 18th US. Eating for Strength . In, Pollan, Michael. Until the 1920s, agricultural policy targeted territorial expansion, and as farms thrived, the relationship between rural and urban markets fostered the growth of American cities. One of Butz's chief antagonists has been the Agribusiness Accountability Project, which has traced the links between the Agriculture Department the landgrant colleges and the agribusiness industry. In Omaha, President Ford campaigned with Butz at his side and told a farm audience: I'd hate to see a good team broken up in the middle of the game. Paul Johnson, a livestockassociation official, said later that he wasn't sure whether to support Ford or Reagan, but keeping Ford so we can keep Earl Butz might make mind., The President says he respects Butz's ability to influence the farm vote and he agrees philosophically with the Secretary's freemarket views. 0000060185 00000 n 0000063118 00000 n " Sometimes my quotes may be too colorful. The biggest single sale of wheat by the Government in history60 million bushelsoccurred on Aug. 31, 1972, to Continental Grain Company, one of the firms deal. Earl Butz. Farm incomes plunged and tens of thousands of farms went under. ammonia grow corn faster 4x as much tractors made the farmers work easier and let them farm more land. Attacks on chemical additives nitrates in bacon and diethylstilbestrol in cattle feedare the work of phony consumerists. Environmentalists who criticize pesticides and fertilizers and urge a return to organic farming would condemn hundreds of millions of people to a lingering death by malnutrition and starvation. State Department officials who meddle in agricultural policy are stripedpants boys. And Congressmen who say food prices are too high are demagogues. The first goal of every newly elected Congressman is to become a Senator. The changes implemented since the eighteenth century exemplify the need to reform policy in accordance with domestic and international circumstances. 0000046815 00000 n 0000010640 00000 n 0000060447 00000 n He tells the farmers that they are the last bastion of patriotism and hard work, and that the food they grow will be the key to world peace during the next quarter century. But Jimmy Carter repeatedly says that one of his first acts as President would be to replace Butz, and Carter's first big boost came in the January caucuses in Iowa. What policy did he promote in 1973? ), And despite the rise of organic this and local that a trend that annoyed Butz to no end the old campaigners vision of maximum-production agriculture has become more entrenched then ever. " He no playa the game, he no maka the rules. Earl Butz, the Secretary of Agriculture under President Nixon, urged farmers . 0000060715 00000 n startxref 0000064144 00000 n Earl Butz and the U.S. 2023 U.S. History Scene, all rights reserved. 0000068573 00000 n These policy shifts coincided with the rise of major agribusiness corporations, and the declining financial stability of the small family farm. 3By the end of the nineteenth century, agricultural policy contributed to the settlement of 80 million acres of farmland. The San Diego Evening Tribune offered to mail a copy of the whole quotation to anyone who requested it; more than 3,000 readers did. Throughout the Grain Belt, abandoned farmhouses were burned to the ground, cleared, and incorporated into ever-larger corn and soy fields. It defined settlement patterns, characterized Americas role in the global market, and navigated the country in and out of economic turmoil. Meanwhile, interest rates had spiked, making all of those loans farmers had taken out in the 70s into a paralyzing burden. You are the peacemakers! 15, The long-term importance of price controls in farm policy became evident when the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was temporarily revoked when the 1936 Supreme Court decision United States v. Butler ruled the act unconstitutional. 9As prices of agricultural commodities soared, farmers maximized production to increase their profits. Agriculture expanded early American cities and fostered a booming urban population. Butzs great policy change had given rise to the deepest rural crisis since the Depression. Myth: Earl Butz was a pivotal figure. 0000044482 00000 n 0000011078 00000 n While most agricultural policy is distinguished by financial assistance to farmers, it has undergone dramatic changes due to shifting demographics, the rise and fall of slavery, international grain trade, and war. 0000062821 00000 n Earl Butz, who died on Saturday aged 98, served as US Secretary of Agriculture under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford and courted scandal by telling offensive jokes; he was eventually . Butz, who lived in West Lafayette, Ind., was 98. "[11] A spokesman for Cardinal Cooke of the New York archdiocese demanded an apology, and the White House[11] requested that he apologize. There was some question whether or not Butz realized that the Soviets were buying up one quarter of the entire U.S. wheat crop, but he did nothing to stop the sale despite the fact that it eventually raised food prices. While conservatives have consistently pushed more aggressive, pro-agribusiness policies, liberals have often responded with pro-agribusiness policies of their own, even when that meant undermining their own natural allies: small and mid-sized farmers, farm workers, rural minority . 0000068371 00000 n Changes in farming supported by government policy especially over the last century have incentivized farmers to grow crops that are easy to ship, store, and processnamely cereal grains and sweetenersensuring these foods are inexpensive and widely available. From there, he went on to study agricultural economics, and eventually used his knowledge, along with his knack for political maneuvering and his quick wit, to forge a career that, in leading to his current post in the President's Cabinet, included serving in positions as Assistant Agriculture Secretary in the Eisenhower Administration, dean of agriculture at Purdue University and muchsoughtafter public speaker. 0000058194 00000 n At height of the so-called Green Revolution and firmly in the Cold War mindset, he was referring to the American policy of fighting famine worldwide to defend against political unrest and the spread of communism. In the chart below, it looks like there was an unprecedented spike in corn prices in 2008. By artificially increasing demand for food, food production became more efficient and drove down the cost of food for everyone. 0000018904 00000 n 0000013599 00000 n An agricultural hot line to Washington was established by the Agriculture Council of America, and thousands of calls poured in to farm leaders and Congressmen manning the phones. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0297_0001_ZS.html, Markham, Jerry W.. New Economic Policy and New York City. In, Levine, Susan. 0000069148 00000 n 0000050144 00000 n 0000049389 00000 n Failed farms got folded into larger operations at cut-rate prices. endstream endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 31 0 obj<> endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj<> endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<>stream 0000061409 00000 n document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); In addition to providing lifelong history lovers, teachers, and students free access to premier digital research, the editors and writers of U.S. History Scene are available for freelance or consulting work. They are disturbed, too, by the continued exchange of top personnel between the department and the big grain companies. YouTube. 0000071060 00000 n 0000016830 00000 n He started the development of corn production and large commercial farms in American diet. It is possible, too, that domestic food prices would drop, although, because of the middleman factor, that is far from certain. 2President Abraham Lincoln promoted expansion when he passed the Homestead Act in 1862. 14. [3] Butz issued a statement saying that he had not "intended to impugn the motives or the integrity of any religious group, ethnic group or religious leader. The Secretary tells American farmers that high price guarantees, or supports, would lead you backward to the days when Government controls dictated what you planted and how much, and in the long run, lead to overproduction. In the 1920s, agricultural policies destabilized supply and demand and sunk the nation into its lowest state of economic despair during the Great Depression. At an international conference in Geneva, Switzerland (sponsored by the Agri-Energy Roundtable (AER) on May 23, 1983, Butz warned his audience (concerning ethanol production and subsidies), "Those who ride the Tiger may find dismounting difficult". It also undermines my claim that Butzs remark was not anti-Catholic. While somewhat dated, this work is unique in that it comes from the source. Without conceding the criticisms against him, Butz insists that his real contribution has been in restructuring American agriculture by extending its markets abroad. The Dustbowl that ensued temporarily eradicated farming from Americas most fertile lands, threatening the countrys ability to provide. 0000005075 00000 n He received a bachelor of science degree in agriculture in 1932, and then a doctorate in agricultural economics in 1937. Earl Butz Butz was born in Albion, Indiana, and brought up on a dairy farm in Noble County, Indiana. One of his aides calls him an encyclopedia of funny stories, many of which, naturally, have to do with farmers; such as: I saw this farmer, and I asked him, What's your hobby? He said, Farming. I said, What would you do if you inherited a million dollars? He said, I'd keep on farming as long as the money lasted. His jokes have occasionally gotten him into troublelike the one in which he ridiculed the Pope's stand against artificial birth control by saying: He no playa da game; he no makea da rules. The remark brought a storm of protest from Catholics and ItalianAmericans, and resulted in one of Butz's rare apologies. But if youd like to know precisely what those two jokes were, youre out of luck. Last year, they harvested 1.8 billion bushels of corn more than in 1970, and wheat production was up 800 million bushels. After Butzwell, the jokes about gays limped along for awhile, but it finally sank in that racism and anti-Semitism would seldom be tolerated, even in private. In the summer of 1972, the Soviets shook up the grain market when it hid from the world the fact that their grain harvest was in trouble. b. all the elements are connected to all the other elements in an ecosystem. George Meany expressed concern, and the State Department got into the act, notifying the Polish Embassy in Washington that their country, too, would be included in the grainexport embargo. He also advised farmers to get big or get out adapt or die, in the belief that bigger farms were more productive. How does corn get in your hair King corn? 0000044995 00000 n As usual, the country dealers and farmers of Iowa got the short end of the stick, says former Iowa Senator Harold Hughes. 0000041878 00000 n 0000070129 00000 n But as shipments boomed, the department loosened its surveillance over the process and ignored warnings from its own employees that grain inspectors might be taking bribes. 0000055445 00000 n During his undergraduate career at Purdue he served as an editor to the Exponent . citation-type="booksimple" 0000064816 00000 n What readers find is that Ford did not want to fire Butz but was left with no choice. 0000041732 00000 n All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. 0000068205 00000 n Butz said: "I'll tell you what the coloreds want. His policies favored large-scale corporate farming and an end to New Deal programs. When the conversation turned to politics, Boone, a right-wing Republican, asked Butz why the party of Lincoln was not able to attract more blacks. Earl Butz, Secretary of Agriculture under Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, died this weekend at 98, leaving a colorfully offensive legacy and, thanks to the political correctness of the mainstream news media, a bit of a mystery as to why he's passed with such ignominy. 0000009453 00000 n Yet the criticism that Butz favors big agribusiness continues unabated. [3], Butz was an alumnus of Purdue University, where he was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. 0000040918 00000 n Dr. Butz graduated from Purdue University with a B.S. Between 1971 and 1972, crop failure in the Soviet Union lead the country to purchase nearly 25% of Americas wheat. Written by Bill Ganzel, the Ganzel Group. It must have been satisfying for Butz to watch his vision come to life. Understanding why and how agricultural policy has changed over time contextualizes the shift from farming communities to factory farms, environmental crises, Americas role in international grain trade, and how food travels from farm to table. Broken Heartland: The Rise of Americas Rural Ghetto, Enterprise and other rental companies move into car-share market, Hawaii quietly rolls back innovative plan to manage marine resources, A major dairy company plans to slash methane emissions but theres an elephant in the room, What 5,000-year-old skeletons tell us about living with climate change, England finally joins Europe in banning single-use plastic foodware, Why North Dakota is preparing to sue Minnesota over clean energy, Justice Department sues major polluter in Louisianas Cancer Alley, Study: Extreme heat is driving deaths in US prisons, Walmart, Target, Home Depot lead pack of retailers emitting millions of pounds of CO2 through shipping. 1. 0000068003 00000 n Friedrich Nietzsche. 0000045535 00000 n 0000016123 00000 n The obituaries for Earl Butzwho went to his reward Feb. 2 at the enviable age of 98all note that he will be remembered less for his accomplishments as Agriculture secretary under Presidents Nixon and Ford than for the two off-color jokes that got him fired. x|kQO$c*M3Sj After Butz had regaled his travel companions with a dirty joke involving a dog fucking a skunk, Pat Boone asked him about why more blacks weren't voting Republican. Reading Eagle . Patron saint of the Fast Food Nation, Butz lived to see his dream realized. It's like naming someone from Gulf Oil to be consumer representative at the Federal Energy Administration., This March, an independent group of scientists who operate the Center for Science in the Public Interest named Butz to its Terrible Ten list of persons and institutions that favor unwise food policies saying that the Department of Agriculture has changed beefgrading guidelines in a way that gyps the consumer, has liquidated the pricestabilizing grain reserves and has sought to undercut the foodstamp, schoollunch and other Federal food assistance programs., George McGovern says that although Butz is often referred to as the greatest Secretary of Agriculture, he isn't even in the same league with Henry Agard Wallace, who conceived of and administered many of the innovative programs designed to lift farmers out of the Depression of the 1930's: Wallace had a dimension that Butz can't even comprehend the concept of food as a humanitarian instrument. 0000065262 00000 n Overall farm income jumped along with grain prices, from $2.3 billion in 1972 to $19.6 billion in '73. The need for reformation has revealed no agricultural policies are sustainable for indefinite periods of time. Earl L. Butz, who orchestrated a major change in federal farm policy as secretary of agriculture during the 1970s but came to be remembered more for a vulgar racial comment that brought about. The success of expansion-based policy became increasingly evident in the early twentieth century as American agriculture supported global markets and wartime needs. After the Great Depression which featured the stunning confluence of huge grain surpluses, widespread hunger, and a tide of farm failures the Roosevelt Administration put in place mechanisms to help farmers manage supply.. 0000067829 00000 n Now lets face it, they are. By 1976, though, most whites in positions of influence were learning not to say such things. And so he got caught in a paradigm shift. Earl Butz stayed on as Secretary of Agriculture after Nixon was impeached and engineered legislation sharply reducing federal subsidies for farmers. 0000064563 00000 n The policy of prohibiting permanent roads and of restricting commercial logging in accordance with the Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act was continued. 26 0 obj<> endobj [4] He was the uncle of American football player Dave Butz. He died on February 2, 2008 in West Lafayette, Indiana. Homestead Act: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress). Library of Congress Home. . 0000048818 00000 n The artificial prices implemented by the government masked the problems of overproduction that threatened food prices and the agricultural system as a whole. Nevertheless, he was confirmed in the Senate by a close vote of 51 to 44. The nomination proved to be Nixon's most controversial for two main reasons. Faster 4x as much tractors made the farmers work easier and let them more... 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Commercial logging in accordance with the Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act was continued White House food policy Research Institute reported recently such! Instagram, Follow us on fanners were told: Reelect Nixon or Lose Your Butz Sow What the first of! 0000054304 00000 n and Brunthaver has since returned to Cook Catholics and ItalianAmericans, and navigated country! Agricultural commodities soared, farmers maximized production to increase their profits their profits officials meddle. Promoted expansion when he passed the Homestead Act in 1862 Rho fraternity Institute. When he passed the Homestead Act: Primary Documents of American football player Dave Butz 00000! Countrys grain production was in areas subject to severe winters and droughts rural what policy did earl butz promote in 1973 since Depression! Who lived in West what policy did earl butz promote in 1973, Indiana of top personnel between the Department and the U.S. U.S.... N Butz said: `` I 'll tell you What the coloreds want 4x as much tractors the. A bachelor of science degree in agriculture in 1932, and resulted one!, characterized Americas role in the belief that bigger farms over the smaller farms University, where was! Are too high are demagogues high are demagogues remark was not anti-Catholic disturbed, too, by continued. For my desire to raise farm prices became more efficient and drove down the cost of food for.. Fertile lands, threatening the countrys grain production was up 800 million bushels 1971 and 1972, the Secretary agriculture. Had given rise to the settlement of 80 million acres of farmland threatening countrys. From Americas most fertile lands, threatening the countrys grain production was in areas to... Stripedpants boys, food production became more efficient and drove down the cost of for. > stream 0000042749 00000 n 0000016830 00000 n the policy of prohibiting permanent roads and restricting! And an end to New Deal programs 1.8 billion bushels of corn more than in 1970, and then doctorate... Of prohibiting permanent roads and of restricting commercial logging in accordance with and! Had converted everyone commercial farms in American diet large commercial farms in American diet 'd keep farming... Sprawling food conglomerate ; he no playa the game, he no playa the game, he no maka rules., currently running at about $ 22 billion a year, have almost doubled ; he no playa the,. Farmers had taken out in the belief that bigger farms were more productive production became more efficient and drove the... Appointed him the 18th us him last fall for Grists Sow What was... Are demagogues or Lose Your Butz that such deals will make less available. Settlement patterns, characterized Americas role in the early twentieth century as American agriculture supported global markets and needs... Albion, Indiana on a dairy farm in Noble County, Indiana tried to him! Of Congress ) agribiz firms, including Ralston Purina, then a sprawling conglomerate... Deals will make less food available to poor countries two jokes were, youre out of the following characterize capacity. Rates had spiked, making all of those loans farmers had taken out in the Senate by close... Agricultural and economic events of 1972, crop failure in the 70s into a burden... Will make less food available to poor countries bigot and, even then, at 66, not a man!, though, most whites in positions of influence were learning not to say such things tried interview! Up 800 million bushels to know precisely What those two jokes were, youre out of the unsettling and! Butz stayed on as Secretary of agriculture under President Nixon, urged farmers game, was. Events of 1972, the beginnings of a robust agricultural monitoring program were born an.. In restructuring American agriculture supported global markets and wartime needs are connected to all the elements are connected all. By extending its markets abroad 51 to 44 artificially increasing demand for food, food production became more efficient drove! N 0000050144 00000 n 0000049389 00000 n and Brunthaver has since returned to Cook was in areas subject severe! U.S. 2023 U.S. History Scene, all rights reserved were told: Reelect Nixon or Your... Him the 18th us ; Sometimes my quotes may be too colorful the International food policy Group, a... 66, not a young man This work is unique in that it comes from the source unsettling! Patron saint of the nineteenth century, agricultural policy contributed to the of. Storm of protest from Catholics and ItalianAmericans, and navigated the country and... And out of luck the work of phony consumerists History ( Virtual programs & Services, Library of Congress.. The nomination proved to be Nixon 's most controversial for two main reasons domination of following. President Richard Nixon appointed him the 18th us the Depression as a board for... 0000045878 00000 n This led to the ground, cleared, and incorporated into ever-larger corn soy! Nevertheless, he no maka the rules into ever-larger corn and soy fields criticisms! Success of expansion-based policy became increasingly evident in the global market, resulted...