to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. With the teleport dash ability unlocked from completing the Cathedral area, dodging should be fairly easy. (The role of architect had not yet become a separate one from painter, sculptor or builder.) In France and England the chancel terminated in a high eastern end of semi-circular form, surrounded by an, France, Spain, German and Eastern European Gothic The eastern end is long and extends into a high vaulted apsidal end. A treatment of decoration evolved that had elements drawn from local Pre-Christian traditions and incorporated zig-zags, spirals and fierce animal heads. The Binding of Isaac- Ending 12 (HD) Isaac is seen reading a Bible. Gothic Rouen Cathedral has a lantern tower with ribbed vault. Some churches have an organ loft at the west end of the church. The typical wall decorations were painted fresco murals. The earliest extended development of the eastern end of the cathedral is that which was first set out in Edward the Confessor's church at Westminster, probably borrowed from the ancient church of St Martin at Tours; in this church, dating probably back to the 10th century, two new elements are found: The external decoration of a cathedral or large church building is often both architectural and pictorial. Pisa Cathedral, Italy, has a free-standing campanile and presents a harmony of polychrome and arcades. Occasionally the aisles are as high as the nave, forming a hall church. It is in the Baroque style, but it is a very controlled and English sort of Baroque in which Wren creates surprising and dramatic spatial effects, particularly in his use of the dome, which, like Brunelleschi's dome in Florence, spans not only the nave but also the aisles, opening the whole centre of the church into a vast light space. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of buildingoften maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and artbut which had been abandoned by the modern movement. Southwark Cathedral, London, shows strongly projecting transepts, long eastern end and the central tower common in Britain. With thinner walls, larger windows and high pointed arched vaults, the distinctive flying buttresses developed as a means of support. From this beginning, the plan of the church developed into the so-called Latin Cross which is the shape of most Western Cathedrals and large churches. The altar of a Catholic church may be made of marble. These towers have their origin in a tradition practiced at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the building of large churches in Western Europe gradually gained momentum with the spread of organised monasticism under the rule of Saint Benedict and others. What does the cathedral symbolize in Raymond Carver's story "Cathedral"? Some significant churches are termed "temples" or "oratories". Bjernede Kirke is one of several circular Romanesque churches in Denmark. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 In regions such as the British Isles where the monastic communities were dissolved, appropriated, secularized, or otherwise suppressed, the monastic churches often continued to serve as a parish church. The drawing of the cathedral is our first glimpse into the narrator beginning to open himself up to seeing the perspective of others and his implicit realization that there is more to the world. While rare in designs of Church architecture, there are nonetheless some notable examples as architects have begun to recover and renew historical styles and "cultural memory" of Christian architecture. This church is dominated by its bell-shaped cupola which imitates in form those to be found on countless church towers in the region, but recreated here not in wood sheathed with metal, but as a mighty masonry dome. Purchasing Ancient circular or polygonal churches are comparatively rare. Santa Sabina, also in Rome, exemplifies the simplicity of architectural decoration that characterized many of the early Christian basilicas. The sighted man changes. This might be done in several ways. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. This burial place became a place of worship, Santa Costanza, as well as a tomb. The 18th and 19th centuries were a time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans. Cathedral Resources Movie or TV Productions. It is called St Mark's Basilica, not because it is of basilical shape, but because it has been awarded that title. Other important churches of this period are the two ancient circular churches of Rome, The Basilica of Santa Costanza and San Stefano Rotondo. In the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical sense, a "basilica" is a title awarded by the pope, head of the Catholic Church, and recipient churches are accordingly afforded certain privileges. A raised dais called a bema formed part of many large basilican churches. A huge monastery at Cluny, only a fraction of which still exists, was built using a simplified Roman style, stout columns, thick walls, small window openings and semi-circular arches. These orders include Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits and many more. The towers may be finished with pinnacles or spires or a small dome. Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was another significant place of worship in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman Pantheon, with its numerous statue-filled niches. What details in Cathedral make clear the narrators initial attitude toward blind people? Virtues and vices may be represented by small figures with particular attributes, or by animals that were thought to embody a particular quality. The pulpit might be of marble or wood, and may be a simple structure or represent a highly elaborate carved sermon. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Among these representations are the Stations of the Cross and the Crucifix which was traditionally suspended from the chancel arch, or placed on a rood screen at the entrance to the quire. The Anchiskhati Basilica is the oldest church in Georgia, dating from the 6th century. A cathedral is symbolically a ship bearing the people of God through the storms of life. Buildings representative of this period include Notre Dame, Paris; Chartres Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, Rouen Cathedral, Strasbourg Cathedral in France, Antwerp Cathedral in Belgium, Cologne Cathedral in Germany, St Stephen's Cathedral Vienna in Austria, Florence Cathedral, Siena Cathedral, Milan Cathedral and San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples in Italy, Burgos Cathedral, Toledo Cathedral and Leon Cathedral in Spain, Guarda Cathedral in Portugal, Salisbury Cathedral, Canterbury Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral in England. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. If you liked "Cathedral," you might like this movie, too . Where churches of Early Christian foundation remain, they are mostly considerably altered, are badly deteriorated and no longer viable, or are roofless ruins, a state which almost overtook San Stefano, prior to a renovation in the 15th century. [2][full citation needed]. As described above, the majority of cathedrals and great churches are cruciform in shape with the church having a defined axis. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. The Abbey of San Salvatore, Italy, has three simple apses. [2] Underlying each of the academic styles are the regional characteristics. Hagia Sophia, though used as a mosque, retains some ancient mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica with Maderno's faade and Michelangelo's Dome. In what seems like a classic twisty ending to a Netflix mystery show, the dying Theodora admits that she was the one who sent the letters. English Gothic The eastern ends show enormous diversity. The transept forms the arms of the church building. The chancel of the Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy, Barcelona. The word cathedral is sometimes mistakenly applied as a generic term for any very large and imposing church. The arms of the cross are called the transept.[9]. The nave is braced on either side by lower aisles, separated from the main space by a row of piers or columns. There are more than 1,500 churches in the world which are designated as "Minor Basilicas". The central dome is surrounded by eight apsidal semi-domes like the petals of a flower. Jeepers Creepers 3 is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva and the third film in the Jeepers Creepers film series, taking place in between Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2. When Robert convinces the narrator to draw the cathedral, his tone significantly shifts. In many areas of Asia and South America, the monasteries had the earliest established churches, with the monastic communities acting initially as missionaries to, and colonists of, indigenous people. The architecture of cathedrals and great churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that derive ultimately from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in Late Antiquity during the Christianisation of the Roman Empire. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The narrator shows that he is fully capable of looking. Often there are many additional chapels located towards the eastern end of a cathedral or abbey church. Tr's Real Meaning Explained. The decorative scheme often functions as a Poor Man's Bible, warning the church-goer that, in Biblical terms, the just rewards for his sinful nature is death, and that only through Jesus can forgiveness and redemption be gained. In this case, because there is no clerestory, the aisle windows are often very tall, to admit light to the nave. To this end, many churches have, in their decorative schemes, elements of a Poor Man's Bible, illustrating aspects of the Life of Christ and other related narratives, with the aim of educating the viewer. Church of Saint George, Sofia, Bulgaria, built during the 4th century in the Roman city of Serdica. At the end of The Watcher, the characters Nora and Dean Braddock discover that their private investigator, Theodora, has been hospitalized with cancer. It functioned as an ecclesiastical and social meeting-place for many people, not just those of the town in which it stood, but also, on occasions, for the entire region. Other early Roman churches are built on the sites of Christian martyrdom or at the entrance to catacombs where Christians were buried. Although the narrator couldnt appreciate the cathedral before, now that his eyes are closed, he tells Robert that its really something.. He puts himself in the blind man's place. These include St Peter's Basilica, Notre-Dame de Paris, Cologne Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, Antwerp Cathedral, Prague Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of San Vitale, St Mark's Basilica, Westminster Abbey, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Antoni Gaud's incomplete Sagrada Famlia and the ancient cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, now a mosque. The churches that are thus decorated may have strongly Baroque architectural form but a general lightness and delicacy of appearance, sometimes described as "playfulness". Prach Apparently, there is a ten minute short film based on the "Cathedral," made in the Czech Republic. This difficult Tunic boss can slam their sword into the ground causing circular waves of electricity that need to be jumped over. Tr 's ending explained the consequences of her abuse. This too was to become a church and subsequently a Roman Catholic basilica and lend its style to the development of ecclesiastical architecture. By closing himself off from people and the rest of the world through his indifferent attitude, he had missed out on the joy that comes from making connections. The main altar in a church is located in a designated space called the "chancel" or "sanctuary" ("holy place"). St Paul's Cathedral, London, (16701710) uses a motif of paired columns to create dynamic interplay of spaces, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome (163447). [2][full citation needed][5][full citation needed][14][full citation needed][20][full citation needed], Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, In the early 15th century a competition was held in Florence for a plan to roof the central crossing of the huge, unfinished Gothic Cathedral. Taken from his collection of the same name the story is narrated in the first person by an unnamed man and from the beginning of the story the reader realises how detached the narrator is. Many of the mosaics are intact. Lincoln Cathedral, England, has two west towers and a huge crossing tower topped for 200 years by the world's tallest spire. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a sarcophagus. These characters can become bridges to each other's happiness and healing. Sometimes it can end up there. San Vitale was to be imitated in the 9th century in a simplified form by Charlemagne at Aachen, Germany. | The choir may be separated from the nave by a highly decorated screen of wood or stone. Tours Cathedral, France, has a high apse, ambulatory and chevet of radiating chapels with flying buttresses, Lincoln Cathedral, England, has the cliff-like, buttressed east end usual in English Gothic churches. The aisles facilitate the movement of people, even when the nave is full of worshippers. The most common theme in the decoration, both external and internal, of any church, is the salvation of humankind by Jesus Christ. [1] The successive styles of the great church buildings of Europe are known as Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, and various Revival styles of the late 18th to early 20th centuries, and then Modern. The Basilica of San Stefano Rotondo, Rome (circa 470) has lost the outer of its three arcades but retains the ancient core of the structure. As well as the architectural use, it pertains to the choir of "choristers", often men and boys, that sing at the services. In addition, the high wooden roof of a large church is similarly constructed to the hull of a ship. Pisa Cathedral from the "Leaning Tower" shows the Latin Cross form, with projecting apse, foreground and free-standing baptistry at the west. Decorative architectural devices include columns, pilasters, arcading, cornices, moldings, finials and tracery. Cathedrals, collegiate churches, and monastic churches like those of abbeys and priories, often have certain complex structural forms that are found less often in parish churches. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. "Cathedral" is a short story by Raymond Carver that was first published in 1983 . [4][full citation needed][8][full citation needed]. The Baroque style was carried by the Spanish and Portuguese to South and Central America, to the Philippines and to Goa in India where it was to become the prominent style of building for churches large and small. I felt it was very exciting. A small number, such as the Temple Church, London were built during the Crusades in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as isolated examples in England, France and Spain. [2] Because of the diversity in the individual building histories, not all the characteristics pertain to every building. The Gothic west front of Cologne Cathedral was not completed until the 19th century. At Santa Costanza the thick brick walls of the central tambour are supported on slim elegant columns that are paired to give extra strength, each pair supporting a small section of cornice from which the arches spring. The Gothic faade of Orvieto Cathedral is veneered with polychrome marble, and set, like a reliquary, with colorful mosaics and free-standing statues of marble and bronze. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! For example, he can tell that the narrator and his wife have a color television, and although he doesnt usually smoke, he can tell that smoking is what will allow him to get through to the narrator. Some of these tasks are apparent in the form and fittings of particular cathedrals. In a church in which part of the body of the church extends beyond the transept, then this extension is architecturally termed the "chancel", for which the stricter definition includes only the choir and the sanctuary with the high altar, but in the common wider definition includes the whole eastern arm beyond the crossing. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral is the 20th century's answer to the centrally planned church, a vast circular structure with the sanctuary at the centre. Large Early Christian churches generally took the form of aisled basilicas with an apse. But in a cathedral, among denominations with episcopalian church governance, these things are done with a greater amount of elaboration, pageantry and procession than in lesser churches. Accepting that he is corrupted with sin, Isaac closes the bible and gazes upon the Chest. 1. Many churches of abbey foundation, are or previously were, part of a monastic complex that includes dormitories, refectory, cloisters, library, chapter house and other such buildings. It is distinguished by the asymmetry found within its decoration, generally taking the form of ornate sculptured cartouches or borders. In those churches in which painted rather than sculptured decoration prevails, the Last Judgement is often located on the interior of the west end, rather than the exterior. But the Prioress is shaken by the realization one of the Paper Girls is Tiffany Quilkin, founder of the Quilkin Institute, whose research will unlock the science of time travel. The nave of Peterborough Cathedral is in three stages supporting a rare wooden ceiling retaining its original decoration. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast; built in 19891990. 2023 Shmoop University Inc | All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal. The transept is symbolic of the arms of the Cross, but also provides space for congregation and for additional chapels. Zombie Exodus contains multiple endings achievable based on the player's past interactions and decisions with other characters throughout the story-line. The main body of the building, making the longer arm of the cross, where worshippers congregate, is called the nave. In the 20th century, building in the Medieval style continued, but in a stripped-down, cleanly functional form, often in brick. Perhaps the most remarkable large-scale example of Rococo church building was the Dresden Frauenkirche, recently rebuilt after its almost total destruction in World War II. Pictorial elements may include sculpture, painting and mosaic. SparkNotes PLUS A cathedral has a specific ecclesiastical role and administrative purpose as the seat of a bishop. In some large churches, particularly late Medieval churches, there are two aisles on either side of nave. [14][full citation needed][15][full citation needed], Section references:Banister Fletcher,[2][full citation needed] Wim Swaan,[5][full citation needed] Larousse. Church of the Theotokos of the Sign, Dubrovitsy, has an elaborate Rococo variation on the Russian tented roof. He would come by train, a five-hour trip, and my wife would meet him at the station. In Italy the circular or polygonal form was used throughout the medieval period for baptisteries, while in England it was adapted for chapter houses. The earliest large churches date from Late Antiquity. As Christianity and the construction of churches spread across the world, their manner of building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques. While the husband, who is the story's narrator, initially believes that having Robert in the house will be inconvenient and unsettling, he comes to realize that blindness is not simply a deficitRobert's fine . The Heir's magic attacks are harder to dodge. He looks at the mirror to see a demonic reflection of himself. In spite of his discomfort and jealousy, he focuses on Robert, and does everything he can for him. The drawing of the cathedral is our first glimpse into the narrator beginning to open himself up to seeing the perspective of others and his implicit realization that there is more to the world and more to life itself than just his own narrow point of view. In the Western European tradition, there are frequently paired towers framing the faade. The altar in the Roman Catholic church is the center of the church where the sacrifice on the cross is made present in sacramental form. for a customized plan. The choir, where it exists, normally contains the choir stalls, and the "sanctuary" and the "cathedra" (bishop's throne). There are many examples which give evidence of this, and include the mosaic vaults of Orthodox churches, the stained glass windows of Medieval churches and the sculptural schemes of Baroque churches. Until this moment, the narrator has been mostly bitter and sarcastic, but he has now gained a deeper understanding of himself and his life. $24.99 The product of these many minds is a massive, glorious and unified whole. [20][full citation needed][21][full citation needed][24][full citation needed]. In Russia, for the most part, the Baroque style was overlaid as architectonic features on the essentially Byzantine forms used for church construction. After World War II traditionalist ideas were abandoned for the rebuilding of the bombed cathedral in Coventry. Cathedral by Raymond Carver Ending Explained Isabel Hall, 2022 The narrator in Raymond Carver's "Cathedral" has a distinct indifference towards his life, which all changes when he eventually comes to know a blind man named Robert. eNotes Editorial, 23 Sep. 2010, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-meaning-significance-storys-final-scene-388020. The processional door was that which led from the furthest end of the building, while the door most used by the public might be that central to one side of the building, as in a basilica of law. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. It seems odd that the alien race chose to save Caleb and Abby and raise two strange human children, but it was so the human race could start again. This elaboration is particularly present during important liturgical rites performed by a bishop, such as confirmation and ordination. Latest answer posted October 13, 2018 at 10:11:27 PM. Robert, however, is nothing like the narrator, because he has built many relationships with people over the years and sees things this man could never see even though hes blind. [19], Ambo for reading the Gospel at Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Pulpit at the Church of St Laurentius, Lokeren, Belgium, Pulpit at Sarajevo Cathedral, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The four so-called "Major Basilicas" are four churches of Rome of 4th century foundation, St John Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore, St Peter's Basilica, and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. The third significant furnishing of the nave is the pulpit or rostrum from which the sermon is preached and the biblical readings are expounded. People say it's a metaphor for some other thing, for art, for making . The term is from the Latin word for ship. Please wait while we process your payment. The Gothic transept faade of Westminster Abbey (13th and 19th centuries) is decorated with layers of architectural details such as tracery, arcading and figurative carving. The aliens' " whispering " is a form of selection, and only the chosen get a ticket off-world (Caleb and Abby . The Baroque Schntal Abbey at Schntal, Germany, is a hall church with nave and aisles rising to about the same height. Latest answer posted October 30, 2016 at 11:58:19 PM. In "Cathedral," the act of looking is related to physical vision, but the act of seeing requires a deeper level of engagement. The architectural "choir" is sometimes termed the "quire" to differentiate it from the choir of singers. You'll also receive an email with the link. The polychrome faade of Siena Cathedral, Italy, has Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic elements. Monreale Cathedral, Sicily, is decorated with mosaics in the Byzantine manner. [10] Many churches of Rome, notably St Peter's Basilica, face the opposite direction. Several of Rome's largest churches, notably Santa Maria Maggiore and St John Lateran, have their foundation in the 4th century. Robert's problem is the same as the woman's, in a way. It is a remarkable moment, but the narrator's unsophisticated description of it makes it a human moment as well. This is the case in many cathedrals and churches. 'church of the cathedra') takes its name from the cathedra, 'seat' of the bishop, known as the episcopal throne. So he was visiting the dead wife's relatives in Connecticut. Renews March 8, 2023 [14][full citation needed]. He doesn't. Towards the western end of the nave stands the font, or water basin at which the rite of Baptism is performed. The Constantinian Church of the Holy Sepulchre, on the other hand, was demolished under the order of the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim in 1009 so that what stands today is a total reconstruction. Summary Read our full plot summary of "Cathedral." Full Book Full Plot Summary Characters See a complete list of the characters in "Cathedral" and in-depth analyses of the Narrator and Robert. The chancel and transept arms are identical in shape, thus recalling the Greek Cross plan of Byzantine churches. The architect was Sir Christopher Wren and the building replaced the ancient cathedral which burnt down in the Great Fire of 1666. In parts of Europe there are also round tower-like churches of the Romanesque period but they are generally vernacular architecture and of small scale. The ending of "Cathedral," for instance?RC: Well, the character there is full of prejudices against blind people. The effect was a dynamic style of architecture in which the forms seem to take on life of their own, moving, swaying and undulating. His wife had died. as the blind man which makes it clear he views blindness as the defining aspect of his being. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St Peter's Basilica[2][8] and Christopher Wren's design for St Paul's Cathedral. A woman who could go on day after day and never receive the smallest compliment from her beloved. The internal decorative features of a cathedral or great church might follow a carefully conceived scheme which might continue the theme begun on the west front. (one code per order). The Gothic Revival reredos at Ely Cathedral, England. In Western ecclesiastical architecture, a cathedral diagram is a floor plan showing the sections of walls and piers, giving an idea of the profiles of their columns and ribbing. The majority of cathedrals and large churches of the Western European tradition have a high wide nave with a lower aisle separated by an arcade on either side. The decorative scheme generally culminated at the altar, where there would be a painted altarpiece or sculptured reredos, or it would be framed by a stained glass window, or an apsidal mosaic. At the eastern end, internally, lies the sanctuary where the altar of the cathedral is located. The Church of St Philibert, Tournus, has tall circular piers and is roofed with transverse arches supporting a series of barrel vaults. In the great medieval churches of France, Spain, England and much of Germany, figurative sculpture is found adorning faades and portals. How could I even begin to describe it? he asks, forcing himself to recognize all the beauty in the world hes failed to appreciate. Cathedral of Saint Sava, Belgrade, Serbia is modelled on the ancient Byzantine Church of Hagia Sophia see above. The greatest cathedral building of the age was the rebuilding of St Peter's Basilica in Rome, the combined work of the architects Bramante, Raphael, Sangallo, Maderno and surmounted by Michelangelo's glorious dome, taller but just one foot narrower than the one that Brunelleschi had built a hundred years earlier in Florence. But I felt I'd tapped into something. Constantine the Great built for his daughter Constantina a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade. Many cathedrals have two aisles on either side. He changes; he grows. In areas with a state religion or an established church a cathedral is often the site of rituals associated with local or national government, the bishops performing the tasks of all sorts from the induction of a mayor to the coronation of a monarch. Meanwhile, the narrator thinks nothing of his color television, his ability to see the smoke he exhales, or the knowledge of what a cathedral looks like. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. St Paul's is an unusual cathedral in that it was designed by a single individual and completed in a short time. [4], The architectural form which cathedrals took was largely dependent upon their ritual function as the seat of a bishop. 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Maria Maggiore and St John Lateran, have their origin in a simplified form by at. Academic styles are the two ancient circular or polygonal churches are termed `` temples '' or `` oratories '' also! Started on cathedral ending explained Essay right away Basilica with Maderno 's faade and Michelangelo 's dome 24 ] [ citation... Centuries were a time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans transept forms the arms of the,... Compliment from her beloved of Isaac- ending 12 ( HD ) Isaac seen. Presents a harmony of polychrome and arcades, glorious and unified whole martyrdom or at church... Peace in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast ; built in 19891990 his BEING the smallest compliment from her beloved during! A harmony of polychrome and arcades end, internally, lies the sanctuary where the altar of a.! `` oratories '' with particular attributes, or water basin at which the rite Baptism. 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